Linux Commands (Based on Debian)

Hatrix

Well here is a list tht i wrote for most important command using Debian to use them and test them!

echo [text] : write text in console
man [command] : Help
cd .. : go to parent directory
cd [directory] : go to /
ls : show all files and folders in the current directory
ls [directory]: show all files and folders in the selected directory
ls -l : how all files and folders in the current Directory with details (size,date of creation...)
ls -a : how all files and folders plus hidden files and folders in the current Directory
ls -r : how all files and folders in the current directory ans sub-directories
mkdir [name] : create new folder
rmdir [name] : Delete an empty folder
cp [name] : copy file or empty folder
cp -i : copy with confirmation
cp -r : copy none empty folder
cp -f : forced copy (auto overwrite if already exist)
scp user@server : copy a file or folder from an other computer
ssh user@server : secured connection with an other computer
ftp : ftp connection
telne t : telnet connection
pwd : shows current directory
rm : delete a file or folder
rm -f : forced delete
rm -i : none forced delete (requires comfirmation)
rm -r : delete a none empty folder
who : shows connected users
mv [source] [destination] : move a file or folder
mv [file name] [new name] : rename a file or folder
gzip : compress to .gz
gzip -d : decompress a .gz
gzip -r : compress a none empty folder
lpr : print
lpr -P : choose printer
lpr -# : #= number of copies
lpq : show waiting queu
tar -c : compress to .tar
tar -u : update archive
tar -x : extract
tar -z : compress to .tar.gz .tgz
tar -v : view files in an archive
alias [command] [shortcut] : creat a shortcut for a command (eg. alias tar -cv comp) here comp is a new comand that has the same function as tar -cv
unalias : delete a shortcut
wc : shows size, number of lines and number of words in a file
wc -c : shows only size
wc -w : shows only number of words
wc -l : shows only number of lines
history : shows history of executed executables
history [#] : shows # last executed executables
wich [file name] : shows file's full directory
find -name : search by name
find "*.pdf": search by extention
locate : search by a string
grep : view and edit text files
mount : attach a partition to a directory (eg. CD-ROM , NFS)
unmount : delete attachement
cat> : create and write a file (press Ctrl+D to close file and save!)
cat>[name file1]>[name file2]>[name file3] : create more then 1 file in the same directory
file : shows if the file is binary or source
split : cut the file in many pieces
sort : sort in files
sort -r : invert file sort
sort -n : sort by numbers
sort -t # : # is the separator btw diffrent cells
sort -d : sort by aracters (from a to z)
tr : convert char
tr " :""#" : replace separator ":" by "#"
tail : get the tail of the file
tail +10 : shows from the 10th to the last line of a file
tail -10 : shows the last 10 lines
tail -c -10 : shows the last 10 caracters
head +10 : shows from the 10th to the first line
head -10 : shows from the first to the 10th line
cut : modify a text cell
cut -c -# : cut the first # caracters of a file
cut -c #- : cut from the #th caracter to the last caracter
cut -f -# : cut the first # text cells
cut -d x : x is the seperator btw diffrent cells
paste : fusion of cells, (add a new column)
paste -s : convert lines to columns and the opposite
diff : shows diffrence btw 2 files (line x, char yy)
comm : shows intersection of 2 files

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VARS

X? = X or 0
X* = 0 or n times X
X+ = 1 or n times X
X|Y = X or Y
[..] = char
X{n} = {X,X,..,n}
X{n,} = {X,X,..,n,n+1,...}
X{n,m} = btw {X,X,..,n} and {X,X,..,m}
abc$ = shows result in the last line
^abc = shows result in the beginning of the line
<abc = search for words beginning with abc
abc> = search for words finishing with abc

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Directories

dev/sda = HD SCSI
dev/hda = HD IDE
/ = racine
/root = root directory
/boot = vmlinuz core and boot files
/dev = special files
/etc = system configuration files
/bin = executable files
/home = users directory (like c:\documents and settings\ in windows)
/var = database of variables
/tmp = temporary files
/usr = shared programs

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METACARACTERS

* = 1 or more character
? = 1 character
[] = word
[aA]* = words beginning with a or A
[a-d]* = words beginning with a , b , c and d



Important: every file beginning with "." is a hidden file!

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